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You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. Continue Cancel clearAll articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Feature Papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Feature Papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and undergo peer review prior to publication. 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Rodrigues, C. /ajax/scifeed/subscribe Article Views Citations - Table of Contents Altmetric share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up ... Endorse textsms ... Comment Need Help? SupportFind support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Get Support FeedbackPlease let us know what you think of our products and services. Give Feedback InformationVisit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Get Information clear JSmol Viewer clear Current Issues in Molecular Biology is published by MDPI from Volume 43 Issue 1 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Caister Press. first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing: Column Width: Background: Open AccessReview Game and Players: Mitochondrial Apoptosis and the Therapeutic Potential of Ursodeoxycholic Acid by Susana Sol谩 1, M谩rcia M. Aranha 1, Clifford J. Steer 2 and Cec铆lia M.P. Rodrigues 1,* 1 Centro de Patog茅nese Molecular, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 2 Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2007, 9(2), 123-139; https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.009.123 Received: 13 December 2006 / Revised: 4 February 2007 / Accepted: 15 March 2007 / Published: 11 May 2007 Download Download PDF Versions Notes Abstract Apoptosis represents a universal and exquisitely efficient cellular suicide pathway essential for a variety of normal biological processes ranging from embryonic development to ageing. In fact, tissue homeostasis is dependent on the perfect balance between positive and negative signals that determines the decision between life and death. Therefore, any imbalance can result in a wide range of pathologic disorders associated with unwanted apoptosis or cell growth. During the apoptotic process, the molecular players interact closely with each other in ways relevant to accelerate or interrupt the cellular death process. In addition, two major pathways of apoptosis activation have been recognized as the "intrinsic" mitochondrial pathway and the "extrinsic" death receptor pathway. Although these pathways act independently to initiate apoptosis, a delicate balance and cross-talk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways is thought to occur in many cell types. Interestingly, we have shown that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), an endogenous hydrophilic bile acid, is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis by either stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane or modulating the expression of specific upstream targets. Herein, we review the main effectors involved in the death machinery, describe how they interact to regulate apoptosis, and discuss the main pathways that control cell death and survival. Further, we address multiple interesting targets as well as the potential application of UDCA as a therapeutic modality for apoptosis-related disorders. Keywords: Mitochondrial; Apoptosis; Therapeutic; Ursodeoxycholic Acid; cell death; UDCA Mitochondrial; Apoptosis; Therapeutic; Ursodeoxycholic Acid; cell death; UDCA Share and Cite MDPI and ACS StyleSol谩, S.; Aranha, M.M.; Steer, C.J.; Rodrigues, C.M.P. Game and Players: Mitochondrial Apoptosis and the Therapeutic Potential of Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2007, 9, 123-139. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.009.123 AMA StyleSol谩 S, Aranha MM, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CMP. Game and Players: Mitochondrial Apoptosis and the Therapeutic Potential of Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2007; 9(2):123-139. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.009.123 Chicago/Turabian StyleSol谩, Susana, M谩rcia M. Aranha, Clifford J. Steer, and Cec铆lia M.P. Rodrigues. 2007. "Game and Players: Mitochondrial Apoptosis and the Therapeutic Potential of Ursodeoxycholic Acid" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 9, no. 2: 123-139. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.009.123 Find Other Styles Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. Zoom | Orient | As Lines | As Sticks | As Cartoon | As Surface | Previous Scene | Next Scene Cite Export citation file: BibTeX | EndNote | RIS MDPI and ACS StyleSol谩, S.; Aranha, M.M.; Steer, C.J.; Rodrigues, C.M.P. Game and Players: Mitochondrial Apoptosis and the Therapeutic Potential of Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2007, 9, 123-139. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.009.123 AMA StyleSol谩 S, Aranha MM, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CMP. Game and Players: Mitochondrial Apoptosis and the Therapeutic Potential of Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2007; 9(2):123-139. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.009.123 Chicago/Turabian StyleSol谩, Susana, M谩rcia M. Aranha, Clifford J. Steer, and Cec铆lia M.P. Rodrigues. 2007. "Game and Players: Mitochondrial Apoptosis and the Therapeutic Potential of Ursodeoxycholic Acid" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 9, no. 2: 123-139. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.009.123 Find Other Styles clear Curr. Issues Mol. 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